言語学の用語を整理する

  • テキストはこれ：Introduction to Linguistics
  • このテキストで扱われていない概念が「法, moods (直接法、仮定法とか)」。それは末尾に追記する

Lecture 1 : Introduction

Lecture 2 : Phonectics 音声学

en.wikipedia.org

  • 物理的な音

Lectures 3-6 : Phonology 音韻論

  • Phoneme : "a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language."(Phoneme - Wikipedia)...言語依存性のもの
  • Sylluable : "A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds."(Syllable - Wikipedia)

Lectures 7 & 13 : Molphology 形態学

  • Morpheme : "A morpheme is the smallest meaningful lexical item in a language."(Morpheme - Wikipedia)
  • Suffixes & prefixes

Lectures 8-12 : Syntax 構文

  • "Sentences consist of words. These words are arranged into groups of varying size, called constituent. The structure of constituents is a tree. We shall show how to define the notion of constituent and constituent occurrnce solely in terms of sentences."
  • X-bar theory - Wikipedia
    • noun (N)
    • verb (V)
    • adjective (A)
    • adverb (Adv)
    • preposition (P)
    • complementizer (C)
    • determiner (D)
    • tense(T)
  • Cases(格)
  • Gender(性)
  • Person(人称)
  • Number(数)
  • Pro-forms

Pro-form - Wikipedia

Lectures 14-18 : Semantics 意味論

  • "Semantics studies meanings. It is intimately connected with logic, the study of reasoning. "
  • Predicate(述部)
    • Arguments (項)(主語、目的語(直接目的語・間接目的語))
    • Adjuncts (付加詞) (取り除いても述語の働きに変化がないもの)

Lecture 19 : Language Families and History of Languates

法 moods (『述べ方・叙述の仕方』mood はmode(フランス語)から))

ja.wikipedia.org

  • "文が表す出来事の現実との関係（事実的 (英: realis) (en) か反事実的 (英: irrealis) (en) か）や意図、聞き手に対する態度などを表す"(Wikipedia 法(文法)より"
  • これと関連した用語に法性 modalityがある。こちらは"話している内容に対する話し手の判断や感じ方を表す言語表現のこと"(Wikipedia モダリティより"のこと
  • 動詞の語尾変化で区別されることもあれば、そうでないものもある。語形でmoodを表さない場合には文に情報付加的な語を加えたり、複数の文でmoodに相当する意図を表現したりすることになる
  • Moodsのに大別
    • 事実的 realis
    • 反事実的(非事実的) irrealis
  • Realis
    • Indicative(直接法 evidential moodとも)
    • "generic mood for expressing general truths"を持つ言語もある

Irrealis : "moods that indicate that something is not actually the case or a certain situation or action is not known to have happened. ... necessity, possibility, requirement, wish or desire, fear, or as part of counterfactual reasoning, etc." (Wikipedia "Grammatical mood"...以下、同様)

    • Subjunctive 接続法 ( conjunctive (接続詞) の法) : 従属節で用いる。"discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests"
    • Conditional 条件法 "event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, but not exclusively, in conditional sentences."
    • Optative 希求法 "hopes, wishes or commands and has other uses that may overlap with the subjunctive mood"
    • Imperative 命令法 "direct commands, prohibitions, and requests" 。否定的な命令法を別途 prohibitive mood とする言語もある
    • Jussive 和訳語なし "imperative, expresses orders, commands, exhortations, but particularly to a third person not present"
    • Potential "潜在的な"ことを表す法 "in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely"。tentative (暫定的な) ことも(?)
    • Presumptive "推定的な"ことを表す法 "presupposition or hypothesis, regardless of the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, and inevitability"
    • Hypothetical "仮説的な"ことを表す法。仮定法とは違う。"something that might have happened but did not"
    • Inferential "推論上の"ことを表す法 "unwitnessed events without confirming them"
    • Interrogative "質問"を表す法 "used for asking questions"
    • Deontic mood "could or should be able to do something" vs. epistemic mood " chance or possibility of something happening"
    • その他